TRANSPORTE DE GLIFOSATO EN DOS SUELOS AGRÍCOLAS DEL ESTE DE SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, ARGENTINA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64132/cds.v43i1.873Palavras-chave:
flujo preferencial, siembra directa, perfil de suelo, disipaciónResumo
El glifosato puede lixiviar con el agua de drenaje a capas más profundas del suelo. Con el objetivo de evaluar el riesgo de contaminación del agua subterránea con glifosato en dos suelos del este de Santiago del Estero, se realizó un ensayo con columnas de suelo sin disturbar de los horizontes A, Bt1, Bt2 y Ck de un Argiustol ácuico y A, AC y C de un Haplustol éntico. Las curvas de paso de glifosato se ajustaron con el paquete CXTFIT, utilizando como base los parámetros velocidad (v) y coeficiente de dispersión (D) obtenidos previamente del ensayo de transporte de un soluto inerte. Se determinó el factor de retardo (R), la fracción de retardo instantáneo de soluto (β) y el coeficiente de transferencia de masa entre fases (ω). Luego del ensayo se cuantificó el glifosato y ácido aminometilfosfónico (AMPA) retenido en las columnas y se realizó un balance para determinar porcentajes de lixiviación, retención y disipación. La lixiviación fue muy limitada y variable entre las columnas de cada horizonte. La aparición temprana del glifosato en los efluentes fue un indicador de flujo preferencial, mientras que las curvas asimétricas, los picos de concentración a valores mayores a 1 volumen de poros y un factor de retardo muy superior a 1 indicaron condiciones de no equilibrio químico. La adsorción fue más importante que la lixiviación y se comprobó una mayor retención de glifosato total en el Argiustol ácuico. Finalmente, la mayor parte del glifosato aplicado no se encontró en los lixiviados ni retenido en las columnas, sino que se disipó durante el ensayo. Esto podría deberse a la formación de residuos no extractables o la mineralización completa del herbicida.
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