LAS RAICES DE CULTIVOS DE COBERTURA MEJORAN LA AGREGACIÓN Y EL CARBONO ORGANICO DEL SUELO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64132/cds.v43i1.913Palabras clave:
glomalinas, carbono particulado, agroecosistemas, sustentabilidadResumen
El objetivo del trabajo fue cuantificar la biomasa de raíces de diferentes especies de cultivos de cobertura (gramíneas, leguminosas y crucíferas) y establecer relaciones con las reservas de carbono orgánico del suelo (COS), el carbono orgánico particulado (COP), la estabilidad de agregados (EE) y la concentración de proteínas “tipo glomalina”. El estudio se desarrolló en un ensayo de larga duración, ubicado en INTA Pergamino, luego de 10 años de rotar soja-maíz con cultivos de cobertura bajo siembra directa, con y sin fertilización nitrogenada aplicada al maíz. Además, se incluyó un control sin cultivo de cobertura. El diseño experimental fue en bloques con parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones. Se cuantificó la biomasa aérea y de raíces de los cultivos de cobertura, el COS, COP, EE y la concentración de proteínas tipo glomalina a 0-5, 5-10 y 10-20 cm. Los resultados mostraron que la biomasa aérea producida por avena-vicia y vicia (4260,0 kg ha-1) fue superior al resto de los tratamientos. La biomasa de raíces fue mayor en avena-vicia (1852,7 kg ha-1) respecto de avena (1427,7 kg ha-1) y de vicia (1516,7 kg ha-1). El resto de los cultivos de cobertura presentaron producciones intermedias. El 48 a 56% de la biomasa de raíces estuvo estratificada en los primeros 5 cm de suelo. Las raíces de los cultivos de cobertura explicaron los aumentos observados en el COP, el COS y la EE. Además, se comprobaron relaciones lineales entre las glomalinas, la EE y el COS en los primeros 0-5 cm de suelo. Estos resultados demuestran la importancia de diversificar los agroecosistemas simplificados con cultivos de cobertura con la finalidad de restaurar funciones y procesos del suelo claves para asegurar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas.
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